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Thursday, April 30, 2009

Three new swine flu cases in UK

THREE more victims of swine flu have been diagnosed in the UK — including a 12-year-old girl.
The English outbreaks were confirmed as it was revealed the killer bug had claimed its first death outside Mexico — a 23-month-old toddler in the United States.

The World Health Organisation warned the swine flu outbreak is moving closer to becoming a pandemic.

The 12-year-old is believed to have contracted the virus on a recent holiday to Mexico before returning to school at Paignton Community and Sports College in Devon this week.

Friends say she had been holidaying with her family on a farm in Mexico — where more than 150 people have died.

Charlotte Cleverdon, 11, a pupil at the school, said: "This afternoon at 1pm a teacher came in and told us what was happening and we were going home.

“Everyone started crying and holding their noses.”

The youngster was on the same flight as the Askhams, the Scottish couple who were the first UK victims to be diagnosed with swine flu
Lisa Walton, 36, who has two sons, Liam and Jack, at the school, said: “We just had no idea about what was happening here.

“The school had not told us about it, and my son said the pupils were told around 1pm today. Right now we just don’t know what to think. Obviously it’s a worry.”

The girl was one of three new confirmed cases announced by Gordon Brown at Prime Minister’s Question Time with the other two in Birmingham and London.

And new information providing advice about the swine flu outbreak will be up and running tomorrow, Health Secretary Alan Johnson said tonight.

Updating MPs on the “very fast moving situation” he said concerned members of the public will be able to call 0800 1513513 from tomorrow for recorded information about the virus

Paignton College — which has more than 1,900 pupils — is being closed until Monday, May 11, in a bid to minimise the spread of the infection.

Pupils were sent home with a letter from Principal Jane English which said: “A pupil in Year 7 has been confirmed as having swine flu.

“The pupil is at home and is recovering well.”

The Health Protection Agency in Devon identified that the girl had been in close contact with 50 fellow pupils and others, Health Secretary Alan Johnson said.

He added that Tamiflu anti-virals had now been given to 230 pupils — the whole of her school year — as a precautionary measure.

Liberal Democrat MP for Torbay Adrian Sanders said: "We need people to remain calm and listen to advice from the health authority."

The two other victims were said to be a 41-year-old woman, from Redditch, Worcs, and a 22-year-old man from north west London.

Another 76 patients were being tested around the UK, 20 of whom were in Wales.

A total of 32 possible cases were now under investigation in Scotland.

The PM also confirmed today that the NHS is trying to buy "millions" more face masks to protect nurses and doctors treating flu victims — 18 months after The Sun exposed sham promises to stockpile them.

The Government will also increase the number of doses of anti-virals from 35million to 50million.

And health bosses revealed today leaflets on swine flu will be sent out to every UK household.

The virus is now known to have spread to EIGHT countries.

The first victim of swine flu in the US was a 23-month-old Mexican boy who travelled to Texas from Mexico.

Authorities in Houston said the boy was first admitted to hospital in the border town of Brownsville.
He had flown to the US with his parents from Mexico City and was staying with relatives.

The toddler fell ill soon after arriving on April 4 developing a fever and flu like symptoms.

His condition deteriorated and on April 13 he was taken to hospital in Brownsville and later transferred to a Houston area hospital where he died on Monday.

Health chiefs said the boy had flown from Mexico City to Matamoros on a commercial flight.

In Geneva, WHO flu chief Dr Keiji Fukuda said there was no evidence the virus was slowing down – and becoming a pandemic

This could lead the agency to raise its pandemic alert to phase 5 – warning of widespread human-to-human transmission.

In Spain - where 10 people have been confirmed with swine flu - a first case was discovered of someone catching the disease WITHOUT travelling to Mexico.

UK people can contact Here

Experts fear a pandemic will see four in ten Brits go down with the bug.

But manufacturers of masks said Britain had NO CHANCE of getting enough — because other countries had snapped them up.

Britain's first contaminated victims were yesterday revealed to be honeymoon couple 27-year-old Iain and Dawn Askham, 24.

The Scot newlyweds fell ill days after returning to their home near Falkirk from Cancun a week ago.

Eight people who have been in contact with them have tested negative for the virus, Scotland Health Secretary Nicola Sturgeon said today.

Ms Sturgeon also told parliament she had spoken to Mr Askham on the telephone.

She said: “A short while ago, I spoke to Iain Askham and passed on very best wishes of this parliament and the whole country to both him and his wife Dawn.


“I am pleased to report that they are continuing to recover in hospital.”

The H1N1 virus has killed 159 out of 2,498 infected in Mexico but Britain claims to have enough anti-viral drugs to fight the virus.

The Government pledged four years ago to stockpile disposable masks for NHS staff in any pandemic. But 18 months ago we revealed a chronic shortage.

Makers Moldex-Metric said: “It smacks of incompetence.”

Tour firms axed flights to Mexico as the Foreign Office warned against trips.

The US has confirmed 68 cases, Canada 13 and New Zealand 14.

This morning Germany confirmed three cases with others ill in Austria and Israel.

Egypt has even ordered the culling of ALL pigs in the Arab country as a precaution against swine flu, the country’s health minister said today.

A pandemic could see 25million here catch it in months.

Professor Neil Ferguson, of London’s Imperial College, said: “We might expect up to 40 per cent of the population to become ill.”

The World Health Organisation is holding a “scientific review" of the outbreak to collect what is known about how the disease spreads, how it affects human health and how it can be treated.

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DON'T FEAR





PREPARE NOW

Twenty Million people died with the last major flu epidemic

Be Prepared


With the world’s rapid transit system and mass movement of people it is only a matter of time before a catastrophic tragedy occurs from the emergence of a new or virulent virus. The most recent flu threat to us is the swine flu which is spreading rapidly.

Everyone is at risk!



Vaccinations are not the answer to prevent a virus.



The AIDS virus is an example of a virus for which a vaccine is of no use. It is presently devastating the population of north and central Africa. Unstoppable.



New and unpredictable viruses, either man-made or mutated, can wreak havoc for you and your family.



How do you prepare?



The human body has its own defense system to remove viruses which is controlled by the thymus gland.



If your immune system is blocked, your chance of survival from a viral attack is reduced considerably. A wide variety of things can block the immune system, such as injuries, childbirth, and anesthetics.



There is something you and your family can do to prevent and survive any viral attack.



The viral attack can be the flu, new viruses and many other known viruses such as SWINE FLU, SARS and BIRD FLU.



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WORLD THREATS


The swine flu is a current world threat.



The human swine flu outbreak continues to grow in the United States and internationally. Today,the Center for Disease Control (CDC) reports additional cases of confirmed swine influenza and a number of hospitalizations of swine flu patients. Internationally, the situation is more serious , with additional countries reporting confirmed cases of swine flu. In response to the intensifying outbreak, the World Health Organization raised the worldwide pandemic alert level to Phase 4. A Phase 4 alert is characterized by confirmed person-to-person spread of a new influenza virus able to cause “community-level” outbreaks.” The increase in the pandemic alert phase indicates that the likelihood of a pandemic has increased.



CDC has activated its emergency operations center to coordinate the agency’s emergency response. CDC’s goals are to reduce transmission and illness severity, and provide information to help health care providers, public health officials and the public address the challenges posed by this swine influenza virus. Yesterday, CDC issued a travel warning recommending that people avoid non-essential travel to Mexico. CDC continues to issue interim guidance daily on the website and through health alert network notices.



Like people, pigs can get influenza (flu), but swine flu viruses aren't the same as human flu viruses. Swine flu doesn't often infect people, and the rare human cases that have occurred in the past have mainly affected people who had direct contact with pigs. But the current swine flu outbreak is different. It's caused by a new swine flu virus that has spread from person to person -- and it's happening among people who haven't had any contact with pigs.



Various health department sources estimate that the number of deaths could be in the millions, accompanied by economic collapse and chaos in many countries, if a virulent virus should strike.



There has been obvious concern from businesses, especially those employing essential people to ensure critical services are provided.

Watch The latest Video what President Have to Say

Prevention of transmission to humans

Prevention of spread in humans

Influenza spreads between humans through coughing or sneezing and people touching something with the virus on it and then touching their own nose or mouth.Swine flu cannot be spread by pork products, since the virus is not transmitted through food.The swine flu in humans is most contagious during the first five days of the illness although some people, most commonly children, can remain contagious for up to ten days. Diagnosis can be made by sending a specimen, collected during the first five days, to the CDC for analysis.

Recommendations to prevent spread of the virus among humans include using standard infection control against influenza. This includes frequent washing of hands with soap and water or with alcohol-based hand sanitizers, especially after being out in public.Although the current trivalent influenza vaccine is unlikely to provide protection against the new 2009 H1N1 strain,vaccines against the new strain are being developed and could be ready as early as June 2009.

Experts agree that hand-washing can help prevent viral infections, including ordinary influenza and the new swine flu virus. Influenza can spread in coughs or sneezes, but an increasing body of evidence shows little particles of virus can linger on tabletops, telephones and other surfaces and be transferred via the fingers to the mouth, nose or eyes. Alcohol-based gel or foam hand sanitizers work well to destroy viruses and bacteria. Anyone with flu-like symptoms such as a sudden fever, cough or muscle aches should stay away from work or public transportation and should see a doctor to be tested.

Social distancing is another tactic. It means staying away from other people who might be infected and can include avoiding large gatherings, spreading out a little at work, or perhaps staying home and lying low if an infection is spreading in a community.

Prevention

Prevention of swine influenza has three components: prevention in swine, prevention of transmission to humans, and prevention of its spread among humans.

Prevention in swine

Swine influenza has become a greater problem in recent decades as the evolution of the virus has resulted in inconsistent responses to traditional vaccines. Standard commercial swine flu vaccines are effective in controlling the infection when the virus strains match enough to have significant cross-protection, and custom (autogenous) vaccines made from the specific viruses isolated are created and used in the more difficult cases.[23][24]
Present vaccination strategies for SIV control and prevention in swine farms, typically include the use of one of several bivalent SIV vaccines commercially available in the United States. Of the 97 recent H3N2 isolates examined, only 41 isolates had strong serologic cross-reactions with antiserum to three commercial SIV vaccines. Since the protective ability of influenza vaccines depends primarily on the closeness of the match between the vaccine virus and the epidemic virus, the presence of nonreactive H3N2 SIV variants suggests that current commercial vaccines might not effectively protect pigs from infection with a majority of H3N2 viruses..

Signs and symptoms

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in humans the symptoms of swine flu are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general. Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. The 2009 outbreak has shown an increased percentage of patients reporting diarrhea and vomiting.
Because these symptoms are not specific to swine flu, a differential diagnosis of probable swine flu requires not only symptoms but also a high likelihood of swine flu due to the person's recent history. For example, during the 2009 swine flu outbreak in the United States, CDC advised physicians to "consider swine influenza infection in the differential diagnosis of patients with acute febrile respiratory illness who have either been in contact with persons with confirmed swine flu, or who were in one of the five U.S. states that have reported swine flu cases or in Mexico during the 7 days preceding their illness onset." A diagnosis of confirmed swine flu requires laboratory testing of a respiratory sample (a simple nose and throat swab).

Classification

SIV strains isolated to date have been classified either as Influenzavirus C or one of the various subtypes of the genus Influenzavirus A.
Influenza A
Swine influenza is known to be caused by influenza A subtypes H1N1, H1N2, H3N1,H3N2,and H2N3.
In swine, three influenza A virus subtypes (H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2) are circulating throughout the world. In the United States, the H1N1 subtype was exclusively prevalent among swine populations before 1998; however, since late August 1998, H3N2 subtypes have been isolated from pigs. As of 2004, H3N2 virus isolates in US swine and turkey stocks were triple reassortants, containing genes from human (HA, NA, and PB1), swine (NS, NP, and M), and avian (PB2 and PA) lineages.

Interaction with H5N1

Avian influenza virus H3N2 is endemic in pigs in China and has been detected in pigs in Vietnam, increasing fears of the emergence of new variant strains. Health experts[who?] say pigs can carry human influenza viruses, which can combine (i.e. exchange homologous genome sub-units by genetic reassortment) with H5N1, passing genes and mutating into a form which can pass easily among humans. H3N2 evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift. In August 2004, researchers in China found H5N1 in pigs.
Nature magazine reported that Chairul Nidom, a virologist at Airlangga University's tropical disease center in Surabaya, East Java, conducted a survey of swine infections with H5N1 in 2005. He tested the blood of 10 apparently healthy pigs housed near poultry farms in West Java where avian flu had broken out. Five of the pig samples contained the H5N1 virus. The Indonesian government has since found similar results in the same region. Additional tests of 150 pigs outside the area were negative.

Classification

SIV strains isolated to date have been classified either as Influenzavirus C or one of the various subtypes of the genus Influenzavirus A.
Influenza A
Swine influenza is known to be caused by influenza A subtypes H1N1,[10] H1N2,[10] H3N1,[11] H3N2,[10] and H2N3.[12]
In swine, three influenza A virus subtypes (H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2) are circulating throughout the world. In the United States, the H1N1 subtype was exclusively prevalent among swine populations before 1998; however, since late August 1998, H3N2 subtypes have been isolated from pigs. As of 2004, H3N2 virus isolates in US swine and turkey stocks were triple reassortants, containing genes from human (HA, NA, and PB1), swine (NS, NP, and M), and avian (PB2 and PA) lineages.

Interaction with H5N1

Avian influenza virus H3N2 is endemic in pigs in China and has been detected in pigs in Vietnam, increasing fears of the emergence of new variant strains. Health experts[who?] say pigs can carry human influenza viruses, which can combine (i.e. exchange homologous genome sub-units by genetic reassortment) with H5N1, passing genes and mutating into a form which can pass easily among humans. H3N2 evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift. In August 2004, researchers in China found H5N1 in pigs.
Nature magazine reported that Chairul Nidom, a virologist at Airlangga University's tropical disease center in Surabaya, East Java, conducted a survey of swine infections with H5N1 in 2005. He tested the blood of 10 apparently healthy pigs housed near poultry farms in West Java where avian flu had broken out. Five of the pig samples contained the H5N1 virus. The Indonesian government has since found similar results in the same region. Additional tests of 150 pigs outside the area were negative.

Wednesday, April 29, 2009

Virulence

Because the potential for a swine flu pandemic is now present, it is helpful to compare the current epidemic with those of earlier periods. The chart below gives figures for either worldwide or the U.S., depending on what figures were available. The most current swine flu epidemic figures are given last and will change constantly, hence the link is given to current data. It is significant that as of April 28, 2009, over 80% of cases and 100% of deaths have been in Mexico. A CNN article entitled "Why only deaths in Mexico?" highlights some questions currently confounding medical researchers.However on April 29, 2009 it was confirmed that a 23-month-old child from Texas was the first fatality from outside Mexico, raising fear that Swine flu could cause a pandemic.

Epidemics Year Infected Deaths Mortality % Death rate/1,000
(avail. data)

Spanish flu 1918-19 1 billion 30 million 3% 30
(worldwide)

Asian flu 1957 45 Million 70,000 16% 1.6
(U.S.)

Hong Kong flu 1968-69 50 million 33,000 .07% .7
(U.S.)

Avian flu 1990-today 421 257 61% 610
worldwide)

SARS 2002-03 8,096 774 9.6% 96
worldwide)

General flu Yearly average 50 million 36,000 .08% .8
(U.S.)[1]

Swine flu as of 4/29/2009[2] 273 153 2.6% 26
(worldwide)
"confirmed"

Background

The swine flu is likely a descendant of the infamous "Spanish flu"[citation needed]that caused a devastating pandemic in humans in 1918–1919. In less than a year, that pandemic killed more an estimated 50 million people worldwide. Descendants of this virus have persisted in pigs; they probably circulated in humans until the appearance of the Asian flu in 1957, and reemerged in 1977.Direct transmission from pigs to humans is rare, with 12 cases in the U.S. since 2005.

The flu virus is perhaps the trickiest known to medical science; it constantly changes form to elude the protective antibodies that the body has developed in response to previous exposures to influenza or to influenza vaccines. Every two or three years the virus undergoes minor changes. Then, at intervals of roughly a decade, after the bulk of the world's population has developed some level of resistance to these minor changes, it undergoes a major shift that enables it to tear off on yet another pandemic sweep around the world, infecting hundreds of millions of people who suddenly find their antibody defenses outflanked.Even during the Spanish flu pandemic, the initial wave of the disease was relatively mild and the second wave was highly lethal.

In 1957, an Asian flu pandemic infected some 45 million Americans and killed 70,000. Eleven years later, lasting from 1968 to 1969, the Hong Kong flu pandemic afflicted 50 million Americans and caused 33,000 deaths, costing approximately $3.9 billion. In 1976, about 500 soldiers became infected with swine flu over a period of a few weeks. However, by the end of the month investigators found that the virus had "mysteriously disappeared" and there were no more signs of swine flu anywhere on the post. There were isolated cases around the U.S. but those cases were supposedly to individuals who caught the virus from pigs.

Medical researchers worldwide, recognizing that the swine flu virus might again mutate into something as deadly as the Spanish flu, were carefully watching the latest 2009 outbreak of swine flu and making contingency plans for a possible global pandemic.

What is Swin Flu ?

Swine influenza (also swine flu) refers to influenza caused by any strain of the influenza virus endemic in pigs (swine). Strains endemic in swine are called swine influenza virus (SIV).

Swine flu is common in swine and rare in humans. People who work with swine, especially people with intense exposures, are at risk of catching swine influenza if the swine carry a strain able to infect humans. However, these strains rarely are able to pass from human to human. Rarely, SIV mutates into a form able to pass easily from human to human. The strain responsible for the 2009 swine flu outbreak is believed to have undergone such a mutation.This virus is named swine flu because one of its surface proteins is similar to viruses that usually infects pigs, but this strain is spreading in people and it is unknown if it infects pigs.

In humans, the symptoms of swine flu are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general, namely chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness and general discomfort. The strain responsible for the 2009 swine flu outbreak in most cases causes only mild symptoms and the infected person makes a full recovery without requiring medical attention and without the use of antiviral medicines.

Of the three genera of human flu, two are endemic also in swine: Influenzavirus A (common) and Influenzavirus C (rare).Influenzavirus B has not been reported in swine. Within Influenzavirus A and Influenzavirus C, the strains endemic to swine and humans are largely distinct.